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سیستم‌های ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری آب‌های زیرزمینی برای دستیابی به روشی مناسب برای حفاظت از این منابع در برابر آلاینده‌ها توسعه‌یافته‌اند. یکی از روش‌های شناخته شده برای تعیین حساسیت آب‌های زیرزمینی، روش DRASTIC است. از آنجایی که ارزیابی آلودگی آب‌های زیرزمینی اغلب با عدم قطعیت همراه است، مطالعه حاضر از مفهوم اعداد Z به‌عنوان نسل جدیدی از منطق فازی برای تخمین آسیب‌پذیری ویژه آبخوان‌ها استفاده کرده است. در این مطالعه، از پارامترهای مدل DRASTIC (ورودی‌ها) و مقادیر غلظت نیترات (خروجی) در دو سناریو برای برآورد آسیب‌پذیری ویژه آبخوان‌های دشت‌های اردبیل و قروه- دهگلان استفاده شد و نتایج به‌دست‌آمده با نتایج مدل DRASTIC به‌عنوان مدل معیار مقایسه شد. تجزیه‌وتحلیل نتایج نشان داد که مدل‌سازی مبتنی بر اعداد Z به دلیل درنظرگرفتن قابلیت اطمینان داده‌ها و تخصیص وزن مناسب به قوانین، کیفیت نتایج را نسبت به منطق فازی کلاسیک به میزان 53 درصد (برای سناریوی اول)، 184 درصد (برای سناریوی دوم) در دشت اردبیل و 127 درصد (برای سناریوی اول)، 311 درصد (برای سناریوی دوم) در دشت قروه_دهگلان بهبود بخشید. همچنین بر اساس نتایج، ممکن است کیفیت قوانین استخراج شده برای مدل مبتنی بر اعداد Z در دشت‌هایی با ضریب تغییرات داده بالاتر، پایین باشد (برای مثال ضریب تغییرات داده بالای دشت اردبیل نسبت به دشت قروه_دهگلان در این مطالعه)، بنابراین در این شرایط، نتایج مدل مبتنی بر اعداد Z ممکن است بهبود قابل‌توجهی نسبت به نتایج منطق فازی مرسوم نداشته باشد. روش پیشنهادی در این مطالعه به دلیل قابلیت بالای آن می‌تواند برای طراحی کنترل‌کننده‌های هوشمند مدیریت آب زیرزمینی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

Small tourism enterprises are pivotal in the development and evolution of the spatial dynamics of scenic tourism and are the principal contributors to tourism services and experiences. They constitute a tangible base and medium for developing tourism in scenic areas. However, amidst the challenges of the tourism crisis and disaster management, there is a noticeable deficiency in the theoretical focus and case study analysis concerning small tourism enterprises. This study delves into the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism industry and its associated sectors. It emphasizes small tourism enterprises in the Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village scenic region, drawing from case observations and field research alongside comprehensive interviews to gather authentic data. This study utilizes the proceduralized grounded theory to elucidate the inherent principles and mechanisms behind the organizational resilience of small tourism enterprises facing the pandemic's impacts. Additionally, it pinpoints the critical elements influencing the development of organizational resilience in these enterprises. The findings reveal the following: 1) The interplay between organizational capabilities and influential factors collectively elucidates the genesis and robustness of organizational resilience among small tourism enterprises in scenic areas, with resilience emerging and intensifying through the synergistic influence of internal and external organizational elements. 2) Organizational capabilities represent the intrinsic rationale and conceptual framework underlying the development of organizational resilience in small tourism enterprises. Such resilient organizations exhibit fundamental abilities such as environmental observation, impact forecasting, crisis response, and reflective learning. In essence, small tourism enterprises adapt by monitoring and recognizing shifts in the external milieu, predicting the duration and ramifications of the pandemic, and crafting proactive strategies in response to pandemic-induced challenges based on external changes and internal shortcomings. Throughout the pandemic, new insights were assimilated into the operational and developmental strategies of small tourism enterprises through ongoing reflection, summarization, and learning. Prompt adaptations in business approaches contributed significantly to cultivating and reinforcing organizational resilience. 3) Initial resources, social capital, and support initiatives foster organizational resilience among small tourism enterprises in scenic locales. These components are crucial for ensuring organizational survival, enhancing resilience potential, and sculpting organizational resilience. Specifically, foundational resources such as property ownership, operator expertise and skills, and surplus funds are vital for building organizational resilience during a pandemic. Concurrently, the relational networks between small tourism enterprises and their stakeholders, alongside social capital stemming from operators' power dynamics and identity within the tourism context, markedly strengthen organizational resilience. Furthermore, tourism relief policies and interventions that modify tourist influx and business sustainability within scenic areas play a pivotal role in enhancing the resilience of small tourism enterprises. This study broadens the theoretical understanding based on case studies of organizational resilience in small tourism enterprises amid the pandemic. It offers theoretical insights and practical guidance for the ongoing management and adaptive regulation of these enterprises during tourism-related crises and disaster management scenarios.

Livelihood capital is the core element of sustainable livelihood development for rural households. Based on the survey data of 615 growers in the main rubber-producing areas of Hainan and Yunnan province, this paper constructs an evaluation system of rubber growers' livelihood capital within the sustainable livelihood analysis framework and calculates key indicators, such as farmers' livelihood capital index, livelihood activity diversity index, and household income diversity index. The multiple regression model and the mediating effect model are used to explore the influence mechanism of livelihood capital on the sustainable livelihood of rural households. The following three conclusions are drawn: (1) The accumulation of livelihood capital of rural households is conducive to enriching the structure of household livelihood activities and income sources, especially the accumulation of financial capital, which is more likely to improve the diversity of household livelihood activities. Regional differences exist in the impact of livelihood capital structures on rural household livelihood outcomes. Natural capital endowment has a significant effect on the income diversification level in Hainan, but there may be a "curse" effect in Yunnan. (2) Geographical characteristics, production decisions, and farming household characteristics significantly impact sustainable livelihoods. The altitude of the village and the distance from the county seat pose certain challenges for farmers in diversifying their livelihoods. Although the law of rubber tapping production may weaken farmers' production and business activities, it can better stabilize farmers' incomes owing to its strong flexibility in labor arrangements, which may be beneficial for diversifying livelihoods; however, it does not necessarily lead to diversified incomes. While the characteristics of poor households can help rural households gain policy support, building capacity is the key to achieving a sustainable livelihood. (3) There are intermediary effects of livelihood capital on livelihood activities and household income, but the mechanisms of action are different. For the diversity of farmers' livelihoods, 52.70% of the catalytic effect of livelihood capital is achieved by improving the ability to integrate livelihood capital. Optimizing household employment strategies contributed to the promotion of livelihood capital on the income diversification index, with a mediating effect of 30.52%. The main contribution of this study is to clarify how livelihood capital can achieve the goal of diversifying household livelihood activities and income by coordinating livelihood capacity and employment strategies. Therefore, to enhance the comprehensive livelihood capacity of rural households, the coordination capacity of livelihood capital, livelihood capacity building should be enhanced, and employment information channels should be expanded.

Wind speed is an important parameter reflecting the climate and environmental conditions on the Earth's surface. It is also a pivotal factor influencing wind energy, a renewable and clean energy source. The mechanisms exerting influence on the surface wind speed over China, which have been mentioned in previous studies, include the temperature difference between the high and low latitudes of China, surface drag force, and climatic factors such as the Arctic Oscillation (AO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), which has attracted increasing attention during the past two decades, is an important climatic factor that exerts a significant influence on the climate and environment in the areas surrounding the Indian Ocean and globally. However, to date, it has not been reported whether the IOD is a climatic factor that significantly affects surface wind speed in China. Coastal South China is one of the most economically developed areas in China, and wind energy is becoming an important energy source in this area. An investigation of the relationship between the IOD and wind speed variations in coastal South China and their connecting mechanisms would contribute substantially to the understanding of the controlling mechanisms of climatic and environmental variations in coastal South China as well as to the planning of sustainable development in this area. Based on observations of surface wind speed in coastal South China, reanalysis data from the National Center of Environment Prediction (NCEP) and the National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR), research on the IOD over the last two decades, the effects of IOD activities on surface wind speed in coastal South China, and the controlling mechanisms were investigated using statistical analyses and atmospheric circulation variations. The results indicate that, regardless of the temporal or spatial scale, variations in the surface wind speed in coastal South China show significant positive correlations with the dipole mode index (DMI), which is a proxy for IOD activity. An increase in the DMI index (indicating a strengthening of IOD activity) corresponds to a decrease in the surface wind speed in coastal South China, and vice versa. This suggests that, in addition to the factors suggested in previous studies, which include the temperature difference between high and low latitudes, AO, PDO, and ENSO, IOD activity is also one of the most important factors affecting surface wind speed variation in coastal South China. The influence of IOD activity was weaker than that of the temperature difference between high and low latitudes. However, it played a more important role in the surface wind speed variation in this region than the AO, PDO, and ENSO. Strengthening of the IOD activity would enhance two anti-cyclones in the northwest Pacific and Bengal Bay, east of the Indian subcontinent, and, in turn, contribute to the reduction of surface wind speed variation in coastal South China. More serious global warming and increasing greenhouse gas emissions will further strengthen IOD activity in the future. Consequently, a greater decline in surface wind speed is expected in coastal South China, necessitating attention to sustainable wind energy use in this region.

Bangkok is a key city in the framework of the "Belt and Road" initiative in Southeast Asia. However, the economy, agriculture, and ecological environment of Bangkok is now facing significant risks due to frequent drought disasters in recent years, resulting in substantial economic losses. This study is based on the theory of natural disaster risk assessment and evaluates the risk of drought disasters by analyzing the factors causing disasters and the vulnerability of affected areas. We examine the spatial distribution of drought hazard risk, vulnerability, and overall risk in the Bangkok node area from 2000 to 2020, employing univariate linear regression analysis and the Mann-Kendall test to assess changing trends and spatial distribution characteristics. The results showed 41.64% of the land in the study area had a moderate or higher risk of drought disasters, with the highest risk areas located in the northwest of Nakhon Pathom and the central part of Pathum Thani. The risk levels in the region are determined by a combination of vulnerability and hazard factors. Furthermore, the risk, vulnerability, and hazard levels in Bangkok exhibit a linear upward trend. The central urban area of Bangkok has the fastest linear increase in vulnerability and risk and the risk level is increasing most rapidly in northern areas, which differs from the other two indicators. The results of the M-K test indicate that vulnerability in Bangkok's central built-up area is not significant but in the surrounding areas there is a strong upward trend. Notably, there are significant areas of decline in the northwest and southeast for Bangkok's vulnerability. Hazard and risk shows an insignificant rising trend in the east and a decreasing trend in the west. Central Bangkok's drought risk is increasing, highlighting a noticeable spatial distribution difference between the linear trend and the M–K test results. The spatial distribution of risk is influenced jointly by the drought disaster hazard and vulnerability in Bangkok, with vulnerability predominantly determining risk distribution. Finally, The significant increase in drought vulnerability and risk in urban built-up areas warrants close attention for future drought disaster risk management. These areas are currently unsuitable for construction, and efforts should be directed toward reducing their vulnerability to mitigate the risk of drought disasters. The use of fine-scale spatial data for analysis can provide a more detailed understanding of spatial characteristics, accurately reflect a region's water resource management capacity, enhance the rationality of risk assessment, and serve as a valuable reference for research on disaster risk management and risk distribution in node cities.

Accelerated development of modern society has harmed people's physical and mental health. It has become a trend to achieve physical recovery and spiritual reshaping through the deceleration of tourism. However, further research is required to understand how consumers experience and realize time deceleration in the context of tourism. In this study, Lijiang acient town, which has the unique charm of a slow-living experience in the eyes of tourists, was selected as the case study, and the text materials of online travel notes and interviews were used. The coding method of grounded theory was adopted to analyze the connotation and occurrence mechanism of the slow-living experience. The results were as follows: 1) The slow-living experience of ancient town tourism is an immersive experience in which tourists visit the tourist destination of the ancient town and enjoy the passage of time under the influence of spiritual arousal of relief needs, memory, and emotion. 2) Time practice, space practice, and adding meaning to life are the main ways of a slow-living experience, which run through the entire process of tourists' slow-living on-site experiences. 3) The slow-living experience of ancient town tourism includes four stages: spiritual arousal, state relaxation, life immersion, and value realization. Each stage is interconnected and promotes the realization of tourists' deceleration experiences. The theoretical value of this study is that through the explanation of the slow-living experience model, the occurrence mechanism of tourists' slow-living experience was discussed in detail, and the core proposition of how tourists experience and realize deceleration was answered. Among them, the slow-living experience emphasizes the drive of spiritual arousal, relaxation of physical and mental states, immersion in life at the time and space levels, and sublimation of leisure value. This realization process differs from other types of tourism experiences. In addition, this article emphasizes that time practice, space practice, and adding meaning to life can create leisure value, emotional value, and a spiritual sense for tourists' time use and promote the depth of tourists' slow-living on-site experience. The research conclusions provide guidance for tourism development of ancient town tourism. Ancient town tourism operators should focus on tourists and formulate targeted programmes according to their behavioral trends. However, the extensibility of slow-living experiences should be considered comprehensively. Operators should consider the influence of other tourist destination landscapes on the slow-living experience, pay attention to the correlation between the two, create a relaxed and lazy slow-living atmosphere for tourist destinations, and stimulate tourists' environmental awareness. This can provide tourists with an excellent slow-living experience and promote the sustainable development of tourist destinations. Overall, starting from the micro level of tourists, this study constructed a slow-living experience model in the context of ancient town tourism, providing a new perspective and practical guidance for a deeper understanding of tourists' experiences.

The study of cultural adaptation needs to consider the factors of people and places, and the analysis of "geographical factors" is an important research direction. In order to analyze the causes of social kinship culture and the role of geographical factors in the process of acculturation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin, two groups of acculturation cases were analyzed by using the literature method, participatory observation and semi-structured interviews. The findings show that: (1) the social kinship culture among different groups in northern Henan is formed under a specific geographic scenario of diaspora. The special geographical environment and location are prerequisites for exchange between social kin. Rain praying rituals and common beliefs within a specific radius maintain the ties of social relatives and perpetuate their culture. (2) The two sides follow the cultural adaptation processes of "separation, collision, convergence, and continuity." Integration strategies play an important role in maintaining grassroots unity and achieving social stability in this unique form of cultural adaptation. (3) Different geographical elements play different roles during different stages of cultural adaptation. Spatial and cultural distances must be within a specific range to sustain the culture of social relatives. (4) In scattered and mixed living environments, the culturally similar and different village groups have adopted "integration strategies" to achieve better cultural adaptation, expanding the scope of cultural adaptation in specific scenarios. This study argues that, under similar geographical environment and location conditions, two cultural groups within specific spatial and cultural distances can improve cultural adaptation by exchanging cultural adaptation integration strategies. This study provides a typical empirical case to analyze the geographical factors of cultural adaptation from the perspective of cultural geography, and a deeper explanation of the formation of social kinship culture and its cultural adaptation process. This helps enrich the knowledge and theoretical systems of cultural geography on the relationship between cultural layers.

Traditional village culture is an important part of rural culture as well as a precious heritage and historical memory of the Chinese nation, and its effective inheritance and sustainable development have attracted much attention. However, traditional village culture is often in a disadvantaged position in the process of urban-rural cultural exchanges, and the cultural adaptation problem of traditional village residents creates difficulties for the integration of urban-rural culture and the development of traditional cultural inheritance in China. In the context of traditional village conservation and tourism development, the cultural adaptation of traditional village residents is related to the resolution of the contradiction among traditional village development and conservation, the realization of the residents' good life, and the realization of the creative transformation and innovative development of traditional culture. Based on the literature on cultural adaptation, case summaries, and long-term field research experiences, this study clarifies the practical objectives of the cultural adaptation of tourism-driven traditional village residents, refines the process mechanism of their cultural adaptation by combining dimensions and processes, and explores the integration path of cultural adaptation based on positive psychology. The results show that first, the process mechanism of cultural adaptation of the residents of tourism-driven traditional villages can be investigated by combining the context of the evolution of urban-rural relationships in China and the U-curve theory of cultural adaptation. During the period of foreign culture entry, residents' external actions are actively cooperative, although their internal perceptions show foreign culture biases and development opportunity expectations. During the period of cultural clash and adjustment, conflicts and contradictions in daily life and behavioral expressions of residents are frequent, causing negative internal psychological emotions and cultural assimilation. The goal of the cultural integration period is that after a series of conflicts, residents will actively cooperate in their external behavior, and will be able to pass on their culture and seek progress. In terms of internal perceptions, residents will have increased psychological satisfaction, cultural confidence, and positive and open cultural perceptions. Further, borrowing from the research concept of positive psychology, we created a positive social organization system with three aspects: government macro-control, coordination of multiple groups, and a preventive supervision mechanism; a positive personality trait system with three aspects: cross-cultural interaction skills, ownership concept, and flexible and open cultural cognition; and a positive emotional experience system with three aspects: cultural identity, positive gaze of visitors, and community care. Based on the above systems, corresponding countermeasures to be taken at different stages of the cultural adaptation process are proposed to construct an integrated path of cultural adaptation for residents of traditional villages. This study explores the process mechanism and integration path of cultural adaptation of traditional village residents to deepen the interactive logic of locality and cultural adaptation, and provides a scientific reference for community governance and conservation practices in traditional villages, supporting traditional village locality protection and urban-rural integration.

Local entrepreneurialism provides an important theoretical perspective for the study of economic growth-oriented local governance after the 1980s. This theory originated in the revival of economic liberalism following the Western economic crisis. Influenced by global urbanization and deregulation, cities have been redefined as important scales of spatial governance. Local governments have abandoned "managerialism," which emphasizes regional equilibrium, and turned to "entrepreneurilism", which emphasizes local wealth accumulation, weakening the welfare state system and emphasizing absolute gain. Since the economic reform was launched in 1978, China has experienced a transition from state socialism, conceptualized as a triple process of decentralization, marketization, and globalization. The logic of local government behavior underwent profound changes during the transition. Local governments are increasingly showing behavioral characteristics that originally belonged to enterprises. These local governmental acts create the economic miracle and unique spatial phenomenon of the "Chinese paradigm," widely called "local entrepreneurialism." With the critical period of urbanization, exploring effective ways to improve local governance capabilities has become an important topic of concern for all sectors of society. Sorting out the rise and development of the theory about local entrepreneurialism, this paper seeks to construct an analysis framework for local entrepreneurialism in China by integrating the notions of strategy, discourse, and fashion. Furthermore, this paper proposes the "Chinese characteristics" of local entrepreneurialism by reviewing specific strategies adopted by local governments with multiple identities or acting as different roles, namely the owner of public (land) resources, the user of administrative resources, the urban manager, and the allocator of development rights. Therefore, the following conclusion were drawn: (1) Compared with the extensive participation in the Western system, China's local entrepreneurialism involves more administrative intervention, and all localities play a leading role in local entrepreneurial practice by virtue of their monopoly rights. (2) Although decentralization reform endows local governments with certain powers and responsibilities, state intervention still exists. The goal of an entrepreneurial strategy is to safeguard state powers. (3) In the new stage, the connotation and external form of local entrepreneurialism are expanding. Economic growth is no longer the primary theme of local development. How to pay attention to efficiency and fairness has become an important topic at present, and we argue that the sustainability of local entrepreneurial strategies and their impact on rural governance might be key research directions for future studies. This study aimed to provide a reference for the transformation of governance in this new era.

China is currently entering a stage of high-quality development, with urban development and governance facing systematic reconstruction of internal and external conditions, showing clear differences and the complex superposition of multi-stage development. The steady progress of urbanization has facilitated significant changes in the population structure of Chinese cities. It is expected that the population and industries will further converge to urban agglomerations and big cities, indicating basic multicenter and network patterns. Therefore, analyzing the negative population growth risks of urban agglomerations at different development stages is crucial. This study examined the cities of 19 urban agglomerations in China by adopting the data of the seventh population census, employing the optimized fuzzy logic method, building a complex network of population flow with ArcGIS and MATLAB platforms, and using the intensity of population flow and the registered population fertility rate to represent exogenous and endogenous growth, respectively. The negative population growth evaluation index system was constructed with five indicators: child ratio, aging rate, average family size, population density, and sex ratio. The risk index of negative population growth was measured using the fuzzy logic method, and the growth mechanism of negative population growth risk in urban agglomerations in China was analyzed using the spatial measurement method. (1) The negative population growth risk of growing urban agglomerations was influenced by both exogenous and endogenous growth, with exogenous growth having a greater impact. (2) The dynamic mechanism of negative population growth risk in large urban agglomerations is exogenous growth, whereas that of nurturing urban agglomerations is endogenous growth. (3) According to the risk of negative population growth in China's urban agglomerations and its influencing factors, negative population growth in 19 urban agglomerations can be divided into eight types. 1) The state of population growth of expanding urban agglomerations can be divided into two types, with the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomerations as one type; the capital city has a low risk of negative population growth, while other cities have a high risk of negative population growth. The Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city clusters are the same, with the capital and other cities having a relatively low risk of negative population growth. 2) The status of large urban agglomerations can be divided into two types: Shandong Peninsula, Central Plains, Guanzhong Plain, and Beibu Gulf urban agglomerations. The capital city has a low risk of negative population growth, whereas other cities have a high risk of negative population growth. The risk of negative population growth in capital cities and other cities is relatively low. 3) The state of population growth of cultivated urban agglomerations can be divided into four types: the Harbin and Changsha urban agglomerations and the central and southern Liaoning urban agglomerations, which have a high risk of negative population growth. Meanwhile, the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountain City cluster and the Hubao Eyu City cluster have low risk of negative population growth. The risk of negative population growth is low in the provincial capital city and high in the other cities, while endogenous growth is positive in the provincial capital city and negative in the other cities. In the Jinzhong City, Central Guizhou City, and Central Yunnan City groups, the risk of negative population growth is low in provincial cities and high in other cities. Endogenous growth shows that the capital city and other cities have positive growth. In conclusion, this study posits that upgrading urban agglomerations should consider the spatial balance of population distribution, large urban agglomerations should fulfill their role in "blocking the flow" of big cities, and nurturing urban agglomerations should "consolidate human capital." This study presents a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the negative population growth risk and its impact mechanisms in different development stages of urban agglomerations. This can provide a decision-making reference for the formulation of scientific and reasonable population and economic policies in various urban agglomerations and plays a significant role for maintaining a long-term stable population, economy, and social growth in the region.

At the height of the national independence movements in Asia, Africa, and Latin America in the first half of the 20th century, postcolonial thought began to emerge in Brazil, reconstructing the self-other relation between Brazil and the West. The imaginative geography of Brazil, one of the most important southern countries, is of great local and global geopolitical significance. In contrast to the general imagination centered on the West and other developed countries, Brazil has the particular imaginative geographies of another large southern country, China. One of the symbolic imaginaries of China in Brazilian scholarship is human geographer Gilberto Freyre's China Tropical, which he likens to China in Latin America. Freyre studied under American geographer and anthropologist Franz Boas, who was a vocal opponent of scientific racism. Therefore, in China Tropical, Freyre advocates for the equality of Brazilian civilization by imagining its structure, continuing Boas's thoughts, and developing a series of postcolonial critiques. This article uses Freyre and his book China Tropical and related thoughts as analysis objectives to explore Freyre's view of Brazil as a tropical China in the process of spatial othering. This study finds that Freyre constructed his postcolonial ideology of Brazil's nation-state development both geo-culturally and geopolitically by imagining Brazil's tropicality and Chineseness. Freyre's portrayal of Brazil as a third space belonging neither to the West nor the East disrupts the colonial hegemony of the discourse of a uniform and homogeneous culture between suzerain and colony and seeks the subversive power of postcolonialism through hybridity and in-betweenness. Second, Freyre conducted an analysis of the human-environment relation in cultural geography from the perspective of historical science, refuted the natural science perspective of environmental determinism, which was prevalent in Western academia at that time, and reshaped the visual balance within the framework of the human-environment relation. This is a side effect of the transformation and change in human geographical thinking. Third, Freyre's concept of tropical China is a prominent achievement in the embryonic period of postcolonial thought in Brazil as well as an important ideological foundation for contemporary Sino-Brazilian exchanges and cooperation. Freyre proposed commonalities and identities between China and Brazil in this field of thought, offering more possibilities for international cooperation beyond human- and poverty-based interactions. This article focuses on the imaginative geographies of former colonial countries, which are conducive to promoting China's understanding of Brazilian society. In addition, we believe that, in the future, Chinese scholarship should pay greater attention to small languages, such as French, Spanish, and Portuguese, which are widely spoken in the former colonial countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. With these small language texts at the core, we will continue to study imaginative geographies and country and area studies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America to improve the global understanding of Chinese scholarship.

Built environments have complex effects on the public's physical and mental health. Revealing the mechanisms and pathways through which the urban built environment influences public health can provide a basis for optimizing built environments. This helps avoid issues, such as environmental pollution, lack of social interaction, and insufficient physical activity, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of public health. Western academia has a more established foundation for research, whereas domestic endeavors are currently in the exploratory phase. A comparative analysis of relevant domestic and international studies can help elucidate the developmental trajectory of research in this field, identify common issues and characteristics, and guide the direction for advancing domestic research. Therefore, based on the Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, this study systematically reviewed 658 English and Chinese studies published from 2000 to 2022 in the fields of urban and rural planning, geographic sciences, health medicine, and environmental psychology, focusing on the impact of the built environment on public health. Utilizing "Citespace" software, this study conducted a quantitative analysis and systematic review of the theoretical framework, study topics, and emerging trends in the research. The findings revealed disparities between Western and Chinese academies in terms of theoretical innovation, study groups, and research content. Specifically, international studies have pioneered theoretical perspectives, such as social welfare and environmental justice. Guided by these theories, researchers have explored the mechanisms through which the built environment affects public health in diverse population groups. Although domestic studies exhibit a relative lack of theoretical innovation, their primary focus has been the introduction and empirical application of Western theories in the Chinese context. These studies often concentrate on the transmission paths of the impacts on the older and women groups through static empirical evidence, lacking dynamism in their approaches. Furthermore, drawing upon the previously stated theoretical underpinnings, methodological approach, and research content, this paper summarized the analytical framework of "Built Environment Elements, Mediated Impacts, and Public Health." It meticulously examined the differential effects of three spatial elements—green space, land use, and road traffic—on public health. This study provides a detailed analysis of the mechanisms involved, highlighting the ecological and psychological benefits arising from exposure to and interactions with green spaces. It also analyzes how judiciously designed and compact land use patterns shape travel preferences, reduce travel distances, mitigate reliance on motor vehicles, and enhance the frequency of individual activities. Furthermore, the study outlines the ramifications for optimizing the road network system and transitioning travel modes to ameliorate traffic pollution, alleviate traffic pressure, and mitigate pedestrian injuries, among other variables. The purpose of this study was to systematically comprehend the current status and disparities in domestic and international research concerning the impact of the built environment on public health and to explore a series of health issues triggered by the built environment from the perspective of urban planning, with the hope of promoting health geography in China, offering guidance for future academic directions, and prompting local management authorities to formulate precision policies addressing public health challenges.

In tropical rainforest regions, rivers face significant challenges from stormwater, flooding, and human activities, making the construction of resilience in their blue-green spaces critical for overall habitat sustainability. While domestic and international studies have focused on resilient flood management practices and quantitative resilience evaluations, there is a lack of assessments specifically addressing the resilience of river blue-green spaces under different ecological pressure impacts. To address this gap, this study incorporates the "pulse" and "pressure" methods into the Pressure-Pulse-Resilience model to measure the resilience of blue-green spaces. This study also develops a theoretical framework for the resilience of aquatic ecosystems by linking societal and ecological factors. The resilience evaluation route consists of four steps: theoretical model construction, pressure-bearing evaluation superposition, analysis of coincidence and conflict points, and resilience planning strategy layout. To achieve the two main objectives of ensuring a balance between water supply and demand for both water security patterns and ecosystem services, this thesis delves into the regulatory mechanisms of river resilience, adaptation, and recovery, providing valuable insights into the spatial resilience planning of rivers in such regions. By focusing on the Nansheng river in Wuzhishan city as a practical case, this study conducted a multidimensional resilience assessment to cope with the frequent occurrence of water security vulnerable zones or the imbalance between the supply and demand of ecosystem services under double ecological pressure. Using advanced simulation methods, such as the SCS-CN model, the Equivalent Factor Approach, and the Hot Spot Analysis Method, the study identified distinct zones that are prone to stormwater and flood inundation, zones at risk of water safety threats, and zones experiencing a mismatch between water supply and demand in the blue-green space. Based on the identification of resilience deficiencies, including multiple stormwater threat zones, an imbalance between supply and demand of ecosystem services, and the seasonal nature of slow pressures, the thesis proposes three planning strategies: first, an ecological security pattern and zoning control approach is suggested based on stormwater and flood pulses to improve the resilience to cope with sudden pulses, following the principle of bottom-line control. Second, a demand-oriented blue-green space planning and service supply strategy was proposed to coordinate the slow-onset pressure on the blue-green spaces of rivers caused by the demands of residents for daily life and recreation, integrating land space and other related planning to balance the supply and demand of the social-ecological system. Lastly, the study advocates for the construction of dynamic and adaptive resilience facilities that cater to the seasonal changes in ecological pressure faced by the blue-green space in tropical rainforest regions, in fulfillment of multidimensional and multilevel water resilience requirements, that is, water security, water ecology, water landscape, water function, and water vitality. In summary, this study presents an innovative theoretical framework for water ecosystem resilience, utilizing the measurable concepts of "pulse" and "pressure." Through an empirical case study of the Nansheng river in Wuzhishan city, this dissertation established a region-specific evaluation path for the spatial resilience of rivers in tropical rainforest areas.

As an emerging form of accommodation in the leisure and vacation era, the relation marketing of homestays is an important factor in promoting a good relation between hosts and guests and stimulating the citizenship behavior of customers. Customer citizenship behavior is necessary to enhance the customer travel experience and promote the high-quality development of the homestay industry. Stimulating customer citizenship through relation marketing is an important scientific issue that needs to be addressed for the high-quality development of homestays. Based on social exchange theory and attribution theory, this study analyzes the relation between homestay staff and customers and refines the two-dimensional structure of homestay customer citizenship behavior, confirming the mediating effect of relation quality on the influence of relation marketing on helping behavior and deepening the understanding of the moderating effect of motivational attribution on the influence of relation marketing on customer citizenship behavior. The influence mechanism of customer citizenship behavior was clarified. The research results show that customer citizenship behavior in the homestay context consists of two dimensions: helping behavior and tolerant behavior, indicating that the structure of customer citizenship behavior in different contexts is still different. Second, the main effects of relation marketing on relation quality and customer citizenship behavior are significant. That is, a homestay can improve the quality of its relation with customers through instrumental behaviors, such as information communication, and emotional behaviors, such as human investment. Customer citizenship behavior is an important behavioral response to relation marketing. Third, relation quality mediates the relation between marketing and helping behavior, indicating that relation marketing promotes customer trust in homestays and understanding the reciprocity of behavior, which in turn promotes customer helping behavior. Fourth, motivational attribution has a moderating effect on the influence of relation marketing on tolerant behavior. This shows that in altruistic motive attribution, the more customers perceive relation marketing, the more they can feel the good experience brought about by homestay staff, so they voluntarily adopt tolerant behavior in the face of service failure, based on the principle of reciprocity in social exchange theory. This study combines the social exchange and attribution theories to explain the mechanism of customer citizenship behavior in the context of homestay services. While enriching the research content of high-quality development of homestay, it constructs a discourse system with more"relation" characteristics for tourism marketing, broadens the tourism application scenarios of relation marketing theory in practice, helps homestay maintain a good relation between host and client, stimulates customer citizenship behavior, and contributes to the development of homestay tourism services and products.

As the final layer for precipitation interception in forests, the litter layer is crucial to the vertical structure of forest ecosystems, situated between the forest vegetation and soil layers. Exploring the litter accumulation and water retention characteristics in different tropical rainforest stands is essential for assessing their water conservation functions. This study focused on three forest stands (primary forest, secondary forest, and rubber plantation) within Qixianling Hot Springs National Forest Park in Hainan, China. The immersion method was used to measure litter accumulation and water retention characteristics, exploring variations among these forest stands. Results revealed (1) significant differences in litter accumulation among the stands, with the primary forest having the highest litter accumulation (2.791 t/hm2), followed by the secondary forest (2.077 t/hm2) and rubber plantation (1.660 t/hm2). Litter moisture content followed the order: primary forest (57.57%) > secondary forest (48.33%) > rubber plantation (46.44%). (2) Regarding water retention and water retention rate, both primary and secondary forests showed an increasing trend with immersion time, with the primary forest exhibiting higher water retention and retention rates than the secondary forest. In contrast, rubber plantations showed no clear trends in water retention or retention rates over time. The relation between litter water absorption rate and immersion time followed a well-fitted power function. The maximum water retention capacities were in the order of primary forest (8.041 t/hm2) > secondary forest (6.251 t/hm2) > rubber plantation (4.896 t/hm2). (3) In terms of water absorption and water loss rates, the rubber plantation had the highest water loss rate, followed by the secondary forest and the primary forest. The maximum water loss was observed in the primary forest (5.225 t/hm2) > secondary forest (4.626 t/hm2) > rubber plantation (4.079 t/hm2), and the maximum water loss rates followed the order: rubber plantation (246.319%) > secondary forest (222.649%) > primary forest (189.748%). The forest litter layer's water retention capacity and storage are closely related, with larger litter reserves correlating with greater water retention. Therefore, among the three forest types, the maximum and effective water interception capacities exhibited the following trend: primary forest > secondary forest > rubber plantation. The maximum and effective interception rates show the pattern: primary forests ≈ rubber plantations > secondary forests. The water conservation function of litter is reflected in its water retention capacity and rate of water loss. Given that primary forests exhibit a higher water retention capacity and lower water loss rates, litter accumulation in primary forests is more conducive to forest water conservation functions. Hence, future efforts should focus on protecting litter from primary forests. Conversely, the litter in rubber plantations tends to have a higher rate of water loss, resulting in poorer water conservation. Therefore, future considerations should include planting understory vegetation in rubber plantations to enhance litter water-conservation capabilities and prevent soil erosion. These findings provide crucial theoretical guidance for forest management and the enhancement of water conservation in tropical regions.

Agricultural brand building has been given greater value and attention in the context of brand strategy and rural revitalization. Previous studies have paid more attention to the role of regional brands and their construction paths. However, as micro-subjects, enterprises also play an important role in the construction of agricultural brands. This article discusses the spatial distribution pattern of Chinese agricultural enterprise brands and its influencing factors through analysis methods such as unbalanced index, spatial clustering test, and negative binomial regression analysis, which could provide a reference for the local construction of agricultural enterprise brands and the promotion of rural industrial revitalization. The present study found that (1) affected by natural resource endowment and economic development, agricultural enterprise brands are most distributed in East China. Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, and other provinces have the largest number of agricultural enterprise brands. The density of agricultural enterprise brands shows a three-level ladder pattern, with the lowest in the northwest, followed by the central region, and the highest in the eastern coastal region. High-high agglomeration and hot spots have formed in the Yellow River, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the northeastern region, and high-low agglomeration, low-low agglomeration, and cold spots have formed in the western region. (2) The number of regional brands, gross product of primary industry, number of agricultural patents and innovation parks, and number of agricultural anchors are significantly positively correlated with the number of agricultural enterprise brands. The better the agricultural foundation, the stronger the scientific and technological innovation ability; further, the more enterprise brands can adapt and use the new marketing area, the greater the number of enterprise brands that could be constructed. The proportion of the primary industry in the GDP is significantly negatively correlated with the number of agricultural enterprise brands. This is mainly because the higher the proportion of the primary industry in the GDP, the more backward the local economy is to a certain extent, which is not conducive to the development of enterprise brands. The relationship between the number of agricultural experts and corporate brands is not significant; this is because the distribution of agricultural experts is affected by the distribution of agricultural research institutes, and dislocation with the spatial distribution of enterprise brands is observed. In general, in the process of promoting the construction of enterprise brands, localities need to vigorously support agricultural development and regional brand building and focus on the cultivation and flow of innovation as well as the development of new marketing. This study focuses on the distribution of agricultural enterprise brands from the perspective of geography and provides policy recommendations for various places, which has certain theoretical value and practical significance.

High-intensity land use and fragmented habitats are becoming more prevalent with urbanization, thereby accelerating the demand for maintaining and improving the ecological connectivity of habitat patches in high-density built-up areas. Previous studies have shown that small dispersed patches are crucial for enhancing connectivity across an entire landscape. However, as an important component of urban green space, residential green space in high-density built-up areas is often overlooked in ecological connectivity analysis. Taking Futian district, Shenzhen, as a case study, we explored the ecological connectivity in high-density built-up areas considering not only habitat patches but also green areas in residential quarters. We identified ecological patches and green areas in the residential areas of the study area. This was followed by a functional connectivity analysis under different scenarios. Several protection suggestions for improving ecological connectivity have been proposed based on functional connectivity analyses under different scenarios. The results show: 1) The area of residential green space in Futian district is 3.86 km2, covering 26.9% of the total green space in the study area, with the western part being sparser than other regions. The total area of the ecological patches was 14.34 km2, and the importance of the patches was not consistent with their size. The ecological connectivity of Lianhuashan Park in the central region, Lichi Park in the eastern region, and Huanggang Park in the southern region is greatly affected by the contiguous or continuously distributed strips of residential green space around them. 2) Residential green spaces affect eco-connectivity primarily by lowering corridor resistance, creating connectors for regions that require protection, and supporting biological flow. In particular, it had the largest effect on middle-resistance corridors (the unit cost distance was reduced by 29.2%) and alleviated the situation of pinch points formed in narrow low-resistance channels in high-density built-up areas. 3) The ecological pinch points that recurred in the ecological network under different scenarios of connecting residential green spaces and different resistance thresholds were identified as the most valuable primary pinch points for protection. It is recommended to strengthen the intersection of Xinzhou Road and Fumin Road and prioritize the protection of residential green spaces located near the ecological patches and on the topological connection between the ecological patches, with a scale exceeding the average size of 5,920.22 m2. Through the analysis of pinch points in various scenarios, it was found that 21 pinch points, including those close to Lianhuashan Park, could be used as substitute green spaces for urban renewal projects when nearby residential green spaces are destroyed or occupied. This supports the preservation of functional connectivity in urban renewal projects. It is increasingly difficult to construct significant habitat patches in high-density built-up areas to compensate for habitat fractures. The results identified the significant location and proportion of residential green spaces as critical bio-flow carriers in Futian District. These findings could encourage more comprehensive urban conservation plans that incorporate both sizable habitat patches and residential green spaces. These findings can be used to create more effective sustainable development plans that encourage biodiversity in urban renewal planning.

Le pétrole communément appelé " or noir " est une source d’énergie qui a façonné le destin économique de plusieurs pays. La commercialisation des produits dérivés du pétrole permet à un pays de se développer et apporter un bien-être à la population. Cependant, ces produits sont très dangereux à la manipulation. La Côte d’Ivoire est un pays qui effectue chaque année d’énormes échanges de ces types de produits. La quasi-totalité de ses produits transitent par le Port Autonome d’Abidjan à travers de nombreuses installations pétrolifères. Pour la plupart, elles y sont installées et fonctionnent depuis les années de l’indépendance. Ces installations présentent un état de vieillissement qui pourrait entrainer d’énormes risques de déversement, de toxicité, d’explosion et d’incendie dans la ville d’Abidjan. La présente étude vise à connaitre les risques liés au vieillissement des installations pétrolières portuaires d’Abidjan. Pour atteindre notre objectif, la méthode de travail utilisée a été une enquête basée sur deux étapes afin d’obtenir des informations précises. Ces étapes sont la recherche documentaire, les enquêtes de terrain (semi-structurées et par questionnaire). Ainsi nous sommes-nous servis d’appareil photo pour des prises de vue, d’un magnétophone pour l’enregistrement des interviews et d’un GPS. Il résulte de ces enquêtes que le Port Autonome d’Abidjan regorge de 75% des installations et équipements pétrolifères en Côte d’Ivoire. Cependant, l’installation de ces infrastructures date pour la plupart d’avant les indépendances. Ces infrastructures peu entretenues présentent des signes de vétusté qui pourraient mettre en danger les opérations de transfert, de chargement et de déchargement d’hydrocarbures pour l’alimentation des différents terminaux pétroliers portuaires.

Depuis quelques années, l’accès des populations aux services publics se pose comme un défi épineux pour les Etats africains. Les technologies de communication et d’information sont devenues les outils incontournables pour répondre aux défis d’accessibilité des services publics par les populations. Le numérique offre assez de possibilités pour assurer et réduire la fracture qui règne dans l’octroi des prestations publiques au profit des populations. Conscient de ces avantages, le Togo s’est doté de politiques adéquates à travers son Ministère de l’Économie Numérique afin de dématérialiser et de faciliter l’accès aux services publics. La matérialisation de cette volonté politique s’explique par la mise en place des plateformes numériques notamment celle du site service-public pour la demande des pièces d’identité, la demande du casier judiciaire, la demande d’un duplicata, d’un certificat de nationalité, le suivi de la demande initiale de nationalité et la demande de passeport dans le Grand Lomé. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’analyser la contribution du site service-public dans l’accès aux prestations des services publics. Cet article a mobilisé des données d’un sondage effectué en ligne auprès des populations du Grand-Lomé. Les résultats montrent que les populations sont informées de l’existence du site service-public et l’utilisent pour la demande du casier judiciaire, dans la majeure partie des cas, à cause du délai de traitement court. Le niveau faible de connexion ainsi que la limitation des options de paiement rendent difficile l’usage de la plateforme. Toutefois, le site service-public apporte une proximité numérique, qui vient effacer dans le Grand Lomé la distance géographique entre les lieux d’habitations des populations et les services publics.

Les villes vertes, villes durables ou écologiques, sont des villes imaginées pour minimiser leur impact sur l'environnement et promouvoir une qualité de vie élevée pour leurs habitants. En Afrique Subsaharienne, nonobstant la forte urbanisation incontrôlée dans des cas, des initiatives/innovations jugées écologiques par leurs acteurs sont en train d’être mises en œuvre un peu partout. Cette étude analyse les défis auxquels certaines de ces actions se heurtent au Sénégal dans le secteur de l’éco-construction. La méthodologie est basée sur des recherches documentaires et des enquêtes de terrain. La Voûte Nubienne (VN) dans les villes du nord Sénégal (Podor, Matam et Kanel) et le Bloc de Terre Compressé (BTC) à Dakar ont été pris comme échantillons d’analyse de par les présentations théoriques, techniques, les acteurs, la méthode de diffusion et l’état d’adoption. Les résultats ont montré que les défis d’application de ces actions en ville peuvent être liés, d’une part, aux problèmes de vulgarisation et, d’autre part, aux problèmes de contenu (techniques, financiers, socio-culturels) par rapport aux réalités des espaces d’accueil. La prise en compte de ces défis peut ouvrir plusieurs perspectives d’adaptation.

Considérée comme la plus grande ville du nord ivoirien, Korhogo a connu un dynamisme démographique et spatial important. Pour une surface urbanisée qui s’est accrue de 164% entre 1985 et 2016, la population a, quant à elle, atteint, selon l’INS (2021), un effectif de 440926. Fort de cette situation, les besoins des populations se sont accrus notamment dans l’approvisionnement divers (alimentations, eau, électricité, services sociaux). Pour se loger, les ménages ont investi les interstices et les extensions périphériques de la ville, créant ainsi de nouveaux fronts urbains. Dans le contexte mondial de la promotion des villes durables, nous avons été amenés à jeter un regard sur les pratiques immobilières des populations. Pendant que la technique de l’observation nous a permis d’apprécier les modes de construction des logements, les entretiens réalisés et le questionnaire administré aux 900 chefs de ménages ont eu pour objet la connaissance des caractéristiques écolo-technologiques des habitations. Il ressort de cette étude que l’architecture immobilière horizontale, facteur d’étalement urbain, est dominante dans la ville. Par ailleurs, loin d’utiliser des matériaux de construction écologique, le béton demeure le matériau favori. Les pratiques locales constituent en toute évidence des facteurs limitants pour la promotion de la durabilité urbaine. Il paraît donc pertinent d’associer politiques du logement et politiques urbaines, pour un développement de la cité qui tient compte de la qualité du cadre de vie et de la préservation des ressources naturelles.

La prolifération des lieux de culte, l’installation des bars et boites voire de lieux de tolérances et garages représentent des sources de nuisances qui causent des troubles au voisinage. L’on trouve des règles de droit qui protège le voisinage contre le bruit. Il en existe deux catégories. La première constituée de règles générales applicables en vue de la résolution de la question du bruit dans le voisinage et des règles spécialement établies en vue de la protection du voisinage contre le bruit. Pourtant, les nuisances résultant des activités évoquées persistent et troublent la tranquillité et la santé ; diminuant ainsi la qualité de vie des personnes. Dès lors, la protection offerte par la législation en vigueur est-elle efficace ? En réalité, l’on doit comprendre que la protection du voisinage par l’application des règles générales s’est révélée limitée. En conséquence, le législateur a créé des règles spéciales en vue de ladite protection. Mais, ces règles laissent subsister des incertitudes. C’est pourquoi l’étude de la protection du voisinage porte, d’une part, sur la protection du voisinage contre le bruit par l’application de règles générales contrariée et d’autre part, sur la protection discutable du voisinage contre le bruit par des règles spéciales.

L’espace marin et côtier du Togo joue un rôle essentiel dans l’économie du pays, en contribuant à la création d’emplois directs et indirects, à la sécurité alimentaire, à la résilience économique et sociale, à la régulation du climat et à la fourniture d’habitats à des milliers d’espèces. Toutefois, les activités tendent à se développer sur cet espace ; ce qui accroît l’exposition aux risques de conflits d’usage. C’est pour anticiper ces risques que les autorités togolaises ont adopté la planification spatiale marine (PSM) en 2020. Ce travail a pour objectif de montrer l’apport de la démarche sociologique dans la mise en œuvre de la PSM au Togo. À partir de l’exploitation de diverses sources documentaires et des résultats d’entretiens, la recherche tente de démontrer que la mise en œuvre de la PSM a mobilisé des concepts sociologiques (acteur, conflit, participation, intégration, citoyenneté). Il en résulte que la PSM au Togo repose sur la prise en compte des besoins des différentes parties prenantes, notamment les pouvoirs publics, le secteur privé maritime, les écologistes, les pêcheurs et tous les détenteurs de droits.

Les villes d’Afrique Subsaharienne, pour la plupart, connaissent des problèmes liés à la gestion de l’espace urbain. Même au niveau des collectivités locales de taille moyenne, le déphasage entre la dynamique urbaine et les capacités économiques de celles-ci est à l’origine de la dégradation du cadre de vie et de travail de la population. Ce constat est valable pour la commune de Bouaflé. En effet, en dépit des efforts réalisés depuis 2013, qui ont permis aux autorités compétentes de recevoir le prix de la commune la plus propre de Côte d’Ivoire en 2017, la difficile gestion de l’espace urbain se pose avec acuité. Cette étude s’appuie sur une analyse de la littérature, des enquêtes de terrain et des entretiens avec des responsables en charge de la gestion urbaine. Les résultats issus de cette étude montrent que la nécessité du passage d’une gestion non participative à une gouvernance urbaine s’impose à Bouaflé. C’est par ailleurs à ce prix que la ville pourra amorcer le processus d’un développement urbain durable.

De nombreuses études de caractérisation des déchets plastiques dans les villes de la Côte d’Ivoire montrent qu’une part de plus en plus importante de ces déchets est par nature potentiellement recyclable. Les filières de recyclage de déchets sont des vecteurs de création d’emplois, nécessitant souvent peu de qualification, pouvant contribuer à la lutte contre la pauvreté dans les classes sociales les plus démunies. Elles contribuent aussi à l’émergence d’une « économie circulaire », où les déchets plastiques peuvent redevenir des ressources possibles pour d’autres acteurs et utilisateurs. Enfin, elles ont également un impact positif sur la gestion des déchets, sur l’environnement urbain et les risques sanitaires induits par leur mauvaise gestion. L’objectif visé par ce présent travail est de montrer comment les déchets plastiques contribuent à la dégradation de l’environnement dans la ville de Boundiali. La recherche documentaire et l’enquête de terrain sont les méthodes retenues pour la collecte de données. Les résultats attendus seront : identifier les types de déchets plastiques et leurs sources de provenance dans la ville de Boundiali ; analyser le mode de gestion de ces déchets plastiques et évaluer les problèmes environnementaux qui découlent de leur mauvaise gestion.

Les villes de Bouaké et de Korhogo sont confrontées à une grave crise de logement décent qui se traduit par un accès difficile à un logement décent. En conséquence, il s’en suit une situation de mal-logement des ménages. Ainsi, cet article analyse les impacts socio-économiques et environnementaux du difficile accès aux logements décents et les stratégies résidentielles des ménages. À travers une méthodologie axée sur la recherche documentaire et l’enquête de terrain (l’observation directe, les entretiens et l’enquête par questionnaire), les résultats montrent, d’abord, que les ménages vivent dans des logements à faible niveau de commodité et surpeuplés (2,27 à Korhogo contre 2,16 à Bouaké). Ensuite, ils révèlent que 33,2% des ménages locataires vivent dans un logement surpeuplé. Enfin, les locataires déploient trois principales stratégies pour la satisfaction d’un droit fondamental. Ce sont les stratégies par connaissance, par substitution et via les agences immobilières.

La commune de Yamoussoukro dispose de plus de 250 ha de forêts, de sous-bois urbains et d’espaces agraires urbains et péri-urbains, parfaitement intégrés à la trame urbaine. La ville dispose également de dix lacs aménagés qui couvrent environ 150 ha. La présence des caïmans introduits dans ces étangs lacustres constitue une attractivité touristique pour les visiteurs. Au nombre des curiosités touristiques de la ville, l’aménagement ou le ré-aménagement touristique du jardin urbain du Guiglo d’une superficie de 105 ha en un seul tenant en plein centre urbain, pourrait être une réelle opportunité pour promouvoir également l’approche écotouristique qui, subsidiairement, contribuera à la satisfaction des Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD), et offrir un meilleur cadre de vie et un bien-être social à toute la communauté, face aux défis des changements climatiques. La consultation documentaire, couplée à des entretiens directs et semi-directifs avec les personnes ressources sur le terrain ont permis de recueillir des données qui ont fait l’objet d’analyse et de traitement pour appréhender la politique et projet d’aménagement du jardin du Guiglo, les objectifs stratégiques du projet qui reposent sur l’intérêt communautaire et environnemental des espaces verts urbains. Cette approche a permis de saisir la nature des pollutions ainsi que la caractérisation du milieu et des ouvrages qui constituent un préalable à la proposition de solution durable pour la réhabilitation, l’aménagement et la préservation de tout ce patrimoine.

Los paradigmas pedagógicos actuales sugieren la conveniencia de apostar por enfoques que sitúen al estudiantado en el centro de los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje, objetivo que puede satisfacerse mediante la renovada implementación de los métodos tradicionales de la ciencia geográfica. La geografía se encuentra ante la oportunidad —y responsabilidad— de erigirse en la disciplina académica que impulse la conformación de una ciudadanía comprometida con los retos medioambientales contemporáneos. Se analizan las salidas de campo como método didáctico para enseñar geografía en los centros de educación secundaria, realizando un breve estudio histórico, normativo y pedagógico sobre la cuestión. Además, se diseña una propuesta de salida de campo contextualizada en la isla de Tenerife cuyo ejemplo señala algunas de las temáticas que pueden abordarse a través de dichos itinerarios. En un momento en el que se insiste en la necesidad de crear una conciencia medioambiental entre el alumnado desde la esfera local, se precisa de iniciativas didácticas que contribuyan a favorecer el conocimiento y la valoración del espacio geográfico circundante. El resultado de la implementación de la dinámica propuesta señala que, tras la salida de campo, el alumnado manifiesta una mayor concienciación ambiental, un vínculo reforzado con el territorio y una mayor cohesión.

In the period from 1955 to 1992, uranium ore was mined and processed in the Mesta River basin around the village of Eleshnitsa, region of Razlog. The ore processing plant was built and a tailings storage facility was built next to it. In the period 2002–2006, the tailings storage was reclaimed, and in 2011–2012 the ore mines were also reclaimed. For the treatment of drainage water, a treatment plant was built in the valley of Valchoto Dere River, a left tributary of the Mesta River. The radiological monitoring carried out by the Basin Directorate “West Aegean Sea Region” reveals a generally good quality of the surface waters in terms of the content of uranium and radium (226Ra) outside the area of the former uranium mining and the tailings storage facility. In this area, in some years a high content of natural uranium was found, with concentrations from 0.54 to 67.40 mg/l on average per year. The values significantly exceed (by 1.8 to 224.6 times) the norm regulated in the regulation for radiation protection and safety from the liquidation of the consequences of uranium mining. The spread of uranium is limited to a small area shortly downstream from the sources of contamination, but the potential risk to the local ecosystem should not be neglected. Radium, in contrast to uranium, has concentrations below the permissible limits in the twelve years studied. Its content varied from 0.025 to 0.11 Bq/l on average annually. The results show that the Mesta River near the border with the Republic of Greece is not contaminated with the studied radionuclides.

A 2010 survey of more than 10 000 students from 18 countries showed that Central Asia was virtually absent from their representations of the world. In order to check whether this was also the case in the representations of students from this region, this survey was replicated in Kazakhstan, while nevertheless making the assumption that a Central Asian region would be largely represented by the students. While the results confirm important aspects of the theory of social representations of space, they also provide some original insights, showing in particular the very large place given to States, and in particular the Kazakh State, in the breakdown of the World. The prominence of States in Kazakh students' representations of the World can be analysed as a sign of the appropriation of the nation-state model by Kazakh students, some thirty years after the country's independence.

The study aims to analyze the availability of renewable freshwater resources and their spatiotemporal distribution in the Eastern Region of Kosovo (ERK). As a crucible resource for agricultural, industrial, and commercial activities, water scarcity will lead to water shortages. Kosovo is a landlocked country, and ERK is the most important region for industrial activities (coal, mines) and agricultural use (plains). Located in continental climate conditions, surrounded by middle to high-altitude mountains, the region does not have a favorable spatio-temporal distribution of freshwaters. The determination of the water resources is based on the amount of surface runoff, which being divided per capita, gives indications of the water resources of a region (catchment). For our aims, main river discharge and population statistics are used to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution and availability of renewable freshwater in ERK. Falkenmark Freshwater Indicator with 1.483 m³/capita/year shows that ERK lies under water scarcity, and existing water reservoirs offer low security for water withdrawals, and further reservoirs would prevent water scarcity in the region.

En Brasil el contingente de población rural se reduce de forma constante desde la década de 1950; a la vez, hay un gran número de trabajadores sin tierra y grandes latifundios. El Estado ha puesto en marcha políticas de reforma agraria que incluyen la creación de asentamientos rurales. En este trabajo se analiza el efecto de estas políticas sobre la dinámica demográfica de la población rural. Se ha analizado como caso de estudio la mesorregión de Presidente Prudente (São Paulo) entre 1990 y 2010. La fuente de datos de población es el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística; la de asentamientos, el Instituto de Tierras de São Paulo. Lo que se ha hecho es comparar la dinámica demográfica de los municipios que tienen nuevos asentamientos y la de los que no tienen. Se ha comprobado que dinámica demográfica y creación de asentamientos rurales no son procesos independientes. En un contexto dominado por una dinámica de la población rural negativa, únicamente en municipios con nuevos asentamientos la población rural aumenta. La principal conclusión del trabajo es que la creación de asentamientos puede ser útil para la ordenación del territorio si se pretende mantener población en el campo.

Ternate City is one of the areas that has a high level of disaster vulnerability in Indonesia. In addition, the level of public awareness and knowledge about disaster experiences the highest level of vulnerability to local disasters, such as landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions. as for the purpose of this research is). Developing a disaster mitigation learning model based on the concept of local wisdom in disaster preparedness?. And designing disaster mitigation lessons based on the concept of local wisdom in disaster preparedness? . The 4-d model consists of four stages, namely: definition, design, development, and deployment. Researchers have developed a disaster mitigation geography learning module based on the concept of local wisdom in disaster preparedness, especially at State Senior High School 5 Ternate City. The results of the development of learning modules can be seen from the aspect of content 82.23% with proper qualifications, the aspect of the science and technology community model 85% with very decent qualifications, the aspect of format 82% with very decent qualifications, the language aspect 93% with very good qualifications. proper qualifications and presentation aspects of 80% with proper qualifications. While the average value of the validator results is 85.5%. in addition to disaster mitigation learning materials, namely, types of disaster characteristics and disaster management cycles, distribution of disaster-prone areas in Indonesia, disaster management through education, local wisdom and use of technology and the role of society in natural disaster mitigation. In addition, the subjects at State Senior High School 5 Kota Ternate showed that the assessment results of highly qualified students were 75%, and the assessment of students with very high qualifications was 8.33%, while those with high qualifications were moderate student assessment qualifications of 16%. It can be concluded that teacher learning teaches students to understand learning material well, both from learning modules and community technology science models that are applied in learning Keywords: Geography Module, Disaster Mitigation, Local wisdom, Disaster Preparedness

A tsunami disaster threatens Ende City. Ende City's coastal area management policy regarding disaster mitigation must consider coastal typology. Efforts to reduce the risk of tsunamis must pay attention to the physical development of coastal land to maintain the coastal resources. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the level of tsunami susceptibility based on coastal typology in the coastal area of Ende City. The methods used in this research are survey and spatial analysis. The survey results were compared with literature studies to determine coastal typology and land use. Spatial analysis uses overlay, scoring, and weighting techniques to produce tsunami susceptibility levels. Geospatial parameters that determine the level of susceptibility are topography, distance from the coastline, slope, distance from rivers, and coastal morphology. Susceptibility analysis is carried out for each coastal typology because each has a different response to tsunami. The research results show five classes of tsunami susceptibility: very susceptibility, susceptibility, somewhat susceptibility, safe, and very safe. Very susceptible areas are marine deposition coast typology, anthropogenic coast typology, and sub-area deposition coast typology. The secure areas are wave erosion coast typology and volcanic coast typology. Keywords: Coastal City of Ende, Coastal Typology, Tsunami, Susceptibility, Land Use.

Urban areas often experience land cover changes. Banjarbaru is one of several cities in Indonesia that has experienced land changes. The relocation of the administrative center of Banjarmasin City to Banjarbaru City led to the development of settlements. One spatial analysis carried out to examine the phenomenon of land change is remote sensing techniques. The method that can be used is the Land Change Modeler from MOLUSCE in QGIS. This model uses the CAM (Cellular Automata Markov) method to identify land cover change and predict land cover distribution. CAM can understand and predict land change patterns by considering land use, vegetation, and cell spatial interactions. This modeling is based on land cover data for 2015 and 2020 and several supporting parameters such as DEM data and distance to roads. Based on the modeling results from 2015 and 2020, Banjarbaru City experienced a change in built-up land, with most of it occurring in the center of Banjarbaru City. Based on the Markov Chain method by looking at land changes in the previous year, the development of built-up land increased by about 8% of the Banjarbaru City area of 32917.41 hectares. Based on the prediction results, the development of built-up land is centered in the middle of Banjarbaru City, such as North and South Banjarbaru Districts, due to the development of residential development. Keywords: Land Cover, Land Change Modeller, Cellular Automata, Markov Chain

This study aims to spatially analyze the marine ecotourism potential of Kalimantung Island based on the Tourist Suitability Index (TSI). The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, where the analysis is done with a spatial approach. Data collection techniques used were measurement, observation, and interviews. The data analysis carried out in this study uses scoring techniques. Land suitability analysis is categorized into 4 (four) designations, namely (1) Beach Tourism for Recreation Category, (2) Marine Tourism for diving, (3) Marine Tourism for snorkeling, and (4) Marine Tourism for swimming and canoeing category. The results of this study indicate that the condition of coral reefs on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the good category, with coral cover of 55.55% and 52.13 respectively. The Tourism Suitability Index (TCI) for the Recreation Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island is categorized as suitable with a TSI of 69%. The Recreation TSI of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is categorized as Very Suitable with a Recreation TSI of 95%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) for the Diving Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the Very Suitable category with a TSI of 83%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) of the Snorkeling Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island is included in the suitable category with a TSI of 68%. The Recreation TSI of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the Very Suitable category with a Recreation TSI of 75%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) Swimming- Canoeing Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island are included in the Very Suitable category with TSI of 76% and 87% respectively.This study aims to spatially analyze the marine ecotourism potential of Kalimantung Island based on the Tourist Suitability Index (TSI). The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, where the analysis is done with a spatial approach. Data collection techniques used were measurement, observation, and interviews. The data analysis carried out in this study uses scoring techniques. Land suitability analysis is categorized into 4 (four) designations, namely (1) Beach Tourism for Recreation Category, (2) Marine Tourism for diving, (3) Marine Tourism for snorkeling, and (4) Marine Tourism for swimming and canoeing category. The results of this study indicate that the condition of coral reefs on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the good category, with coral cover of 55.55% and 52.13 respectively. The Tourism Suitability Index (TCI) for the Recreation Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island is categorized as suitable with a TSI of 69%. The Recreation TSI of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is categorized as Very Suitable with a Recreation TSI of 95%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) for the Diving Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the Very Suitable category with a TSI of 83%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) of the Snorkeling Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island is included in the suitable category with a TSI of 68%. The Recreation TSI of Kalimantung Na Menek Island is included in the Very Suitable category with a Recreation TSI of 75%. The Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) Swimming- Canoeing Category on Kalimantung Na Godang Island and Kalimantung Na Menek Island are included in the Very Suitable category with TSI of 76% and 87% respectively. Keywords: Spatial Analysis; Land Suitability; Region's Carrying Capacity; Marine Ecotourism

Vulnerability is a condition of a community or society that causes the inability to face the threat of disaster. Geographic information systems (GIS) have become essential tools in evaluating natural hazards and risks which is an aspect to define vulnerability of the volcano eruption-affected area. Based on activity of volcano, it is necessary to delineate the vulnerability of areas affected by the eruption of Mount Agung by integrating the Mount Agung Area Network Map and Geological Map with physical vulnerability data and social vulnerability. This research using processing methods and spatial analysis of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing methods. Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to create vulnerability maps using scoring, weighting, and overlay methods. The data used for making the vulnerability map include administrative boundaries, DEM (Digital Elevation Model), secondary data from the BPS 2020 Karangasem Regencyt in Figures, geological maps, settlement data and land cover maps. The results based on these data show the number of areas affected by the eruption of Mount Agung, the data states that the data area with low vulnerability has an area of 0.001490 Ha. Medium vulnerability data has an eruption affected area of 47.024493897 Ha. While the high vulnerability has an affected area of 36.878843877 Ha. Differences in the level of vulnerability are influenced by social vulnerability, physical vulnerability, and environmental vulnerability. Keywords: Delineation, Eruption, GIS, Mount Agung, Vulnerability

This study aims to monitor the impact of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a significant contributor to atmospheric corrosion and associated with air pollution, in urban and industrial areas through empirical models of spatial distribution and temporal estimation in Medan. Datasets of Sentinel 5P NRTI are worth using to monitor the formation of sulfate aerosols or SO2 emissions from natural sources and anthropogenic origin in near real-time from 2019 until 2023 on the local scale, Medan. The source dataset covers 1,11 km of spatial image resolution on orbital in daily revisit time with a spectral bound between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infrared. The measurement of atmospheric SO2 concentrations is generated by enumerating the SO2 vertical column density technique at the soil surface with the cloud-based platform The Earth Engine (EE) Code Editor to handle large data sizes and produce interactive mapping. Based on the availability of auxiliary results, the number of spreading SO2 concentrations fell from 0,92 mmol/m2 in 2019 to 0,41 mmol/m2 in 2023, a reduction of 49.98 percent. The average of SO2 concentrations has decreased substantially over the years. Consequently, these pollutants have recorded long-term health and meteorological parameters impact that substances can rise or reduce acid rain. Keywords: Air pollution, Meteorological parameters, Sentinel 5P NRTI, SO2

Semarang, a populous Indonesian coastal city, faces rising sea levels, tidal floods, and potential increases in rainfall intensity due to climate change. Measuring urban resilience is crucial to understand current and future disaster risks, informing the development of effective climate and disaster resilience policies. This study analyzes Semarang City's preparedness for climate-related disasters using a qualitative approach. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and surveys involving stakeholders and representatives from each sub-district were conducted. The Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI) framework was employed to assess preparedness across natural, social, economic, institutional, and physical dimensions. The findings reveal that preparedness in Semarang is a multi-faceted and ongoing effort. While initial analysis suggests a moderate level of preparedness, areas for improvement include strengthening the climate action plan, expanding early warning system reach, and enhancing community flood coping capacity. These actions are essential to safeguard society and the environment, bolstering the city's resilience and adaptability to climate change impacts.

Maritime tourism is synonymous with natural beauty, but its culinary riches are often overlooked, even though local cuisine can be a significant tourist attraction, such as at Mampie Beach, whose potential is hidden and neglected amidst the post-COVID-19 crisis. The research method used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques using interviews, documentation and observation, then analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. The research results show much culinary potential, mainly traditional foods such as Baye/Golla Kambu, Kasippi, Coklat Macoa, and Co'ri. as products that can be marketed or sold in the Mampie Beach marine tourism area. However, the lack of awareness and initiative of the community, tourism managers, and local government means that the culinary potential of these traditional foods cannot support the marine tourism of Mampie Beach, so it cannot impact tourism recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, several strategies need to be implemented involving the community, tourism managers and local government to optimize the existing culinary potential: First, holding regular thematic culinary events, where local traders can promote and sell their traditional dishes; Second, establishing partnerships with local businesses such as restaurants, food stalls and local food producers to introduce and serve regional specialties at tourist attractions, and Third, carry out culinary tours and cooking courses, where tourists can learn about local culinary culture while enjoying authentic dishes served by local people

The use of interactive learning media is increasingly demanded in Geography learning. However, the availability of interactive geography learning media that meets eligibility standards is still limited. This research aims to produce interactive Articulate Storyline 3 media that meets feasibility standards and is validated. Media development refers to the Borg and Gall model. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, indirect communication and documentary studies. The data collection tools used were observation guides, interview guides, validation sheets, and documentation. Product trials were carried out in class X of SMA Negeri 2 Simpang Hilir. The data analysis techniques in this research are needs analysis techniques, qualitative and quantitative. The results of the research show that, namely, 1) producing interactive learning media based on Articulate Storyline 3 is suitable for use in the learning process in geography subjects regarding geosphere phenomena; 2) Interactive learning media based on Articulate Storyline 3 is included in the criteria of being very valid and very suitable for use in the learning process which is observed through evaluation by media experts and material experts as well as product trials and usage trials; 3) there are differences in learning outcomes for class XA students at SMA Negeri 2 Simpang Hilir before and after being given interactive learning media based on Articulate Storyline 3, so it is very effective in improving student learning outcomes

The limestone formations are a unit of geological rock formations that are important for the formation of unique Karst Landscapes but are often threatened by development interests, one of which is in the environment around Goa Peteng, whose existence is threatened. This research aims to investigate: 1) the conditions of limestone formations around Goa Peteng, 2) identified threats to the existence of limestone formations around Goa Peteng, and 3) potential opportunities for protecting the existence of limestone formations around Goa Peteng. The methods used in this research include field observation, literature review, and assistance with map digitization. This assistance involves utilizing literature studies, both scientific articles and reports containing maps that also cover the study location. The results of the research show that the limestone formations in the Goa Peteng environment exist at of a level of karst development in the Goa Peteng environment which is Mesokarst and parts of the surrounding area are Non-Karst apart from that there is Exokarst Potential and Endokarst though not much exists at the study location. The real threat to the existence of the karst landscape in the Goa Peteng environment is the development of mass tourism in the form of tourist accommodation such as hotels and villas, which has developed rapidly over the last 14 years, as seen from Satellite Image data. The limestone formations in the Goa Peteng environment themselves has the opportunity to be a place for education and further studies need to be carried out on the limestone formations and karst development in South Bali

A positive perception of the geography subject is crucial for students' academic success and their interest in learning. The identification of students’ perceptions of subjects has been carried out in many educational curricula. However, it is rarely studied in Bhutan. This study explores the students’ performance in middle and higher secondary school and their academic performance in Dagana Dzongkhag (district). To study the students’ perceptions of learning geography, the data were collected from key stages IV and V students using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design from four schools. A total of 282 students, comprising 181 from key stage IV and 101 from key stage V were selected from two middle secondary and two higher secondary schools. The quantitative data were obtained using a survey questionnaire, and the qualitative data were collected from four FGDs (focus group discussions). The findings revealed that the students have positive perceptions of learning geography, irrespective of their stages. There is a significant difference in students’ perception of learning geography between key stages IV and V. The students of key stage V have a comparatively positive perception compared to those in key stage IV. It is evident from this study that students’ perceptions towards the subject would also impact their academic performance. Therefore, to address the research findings, this study recommends the district education office and school management to prioritize geography education and establish proper mechanism to support it through relevant authorities. The study has also opened the way forward for future researchers to explore similar research with a larger population.

This research is motivated by the need for efforts to teach disaster principles to elementary school students, so a scientific foundation is needed regarding disaster education models for elementary school students. This qualitative descriptive research describes elementary school teachers' perceptions of the disaster education model for elementary school students. The sampling technique uses the purposive sampling technique. Data was obtained through questionnaires and interviews with 30 elementary school teachers from different schools. The data analysis technique uses data reduction, presentation, and conclusion. The data validity process is carried out using triangulation techniques. The research results show that the teacher's perception of aspects of the teaching material is in the poor category, the teacher's perception of the learning interaction aspect is in the poor category, the teacher's perception of elements of the learning environment is in the poor category, and the teacher's perception of the learning model aspect is in the poor category. This result shows that teachers need a better perception of the disaster education process for elementary school students. The findings of this research can be used as a basis for developing appropriate disaster education processes for elementary school students.

The participation of youth is difficult to perceive, considering the numerous influencing factors, diverse challenges, and environments they face. There are many factors that influence youth participation, one of which is where they live. Previous studies describe forms of youth participation in villages and cities as dynamic, with many differences but also many similarities. The purpose of this study was to examine youth participation in urban and rural villages in Temanggung Regency in regional development. This participation is seen from youth participation in social activities, community organizations, as well as providing opinions on development activities, and what factors influence them. This research uses a quantitative approach with scoring analysis through questionnaires distributed to 40 urban and rural villages or 15% of the total villages in Temanggung Regency, cluster analysis to describe regional groups based on youth participation, and spatial overlay analysis to describe regional spatial profiles based on youth participation . The results of this research are that there is no significant difference between youth participation in urban and rural villages, as indicated by the clusters formed. Youth involvement in social activities and community organizations is relatively high, however involvement in providing opinions for development activities is still a challenge, both in urban and rural villages. The homogeneity of the population in urban and rural villages in Temanggung Regency is one indication of the reason for the absence of significant differences between youth participation in villages and urban villages. With these results, the approach to enhancing youth participation in Temanggung Regency can be carried out in a general manner, through a culturally-based approach that has been proven to attract youth participation in Temanggung Regency.

Equipping students with proficient environmental problem-solving skills is critical in the 21st century to address pressing global problems. This research explores the effectiveness of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) combined with ecological intelligence as a strategy to increase students' cognitive understanding and environmental awareness. A quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test control group design was used. The participants were class XI IPS (Class XI IPS) students from SMA Negeri 1 Karangrejo (n = 5 classes). Purposive sampling resulted in an experimental class that was exposed to PjBL and a control class that followed traditional learning. Data collection was carried out through descriptive tests and observations that were validated and reliable. Two-way ANOVA analysis showed a significant positive effect (p less than 0.05) between PjBL and ecological intelligence on students' environmental problem solving abilities. Interestingly, no significant interaction effects (p greater than 0.05) were detected, indicating the potential dominance of the PjBL structured learning environment. These findings highlight the potential of PjBL as a pedagogical tool to foster environmental literacy and problem solving in geography education

The team-based geography learning paradigm is very important in 21st century learning. Team-based geography learning is able to explore and overcome the limited ability of teachers in material that they do not master. There are problems in changing geography learning from individual to team-based paradigms. The understanding of students and teachers is still constructed with the individual-based geography learning paradigm. There is no willingness to accept the shift in the paradigm of team-based geography learning. The concept of team-based geography learning has not been able to be understood and mastered holistically. Efforts to change the paradigm of individual-based geography learning towards team-based learning paradigms. 1) Unfreezing geography learning paradigm 2) Geography learning paradigm movement 3) Refreezing geography learning paradigm

Visiting urban green and blue spaces improves the quality of life in cities as it helps to preserve human-nature bonds. In this context, the role of urban parks and forests has been well-recognised; however, much less is known about the landscapes of inland water bodies. To fill this gap, the study aimed to identify spatiotemporal patterns of recreational activities in the urban riverscape in relation to the visitors’ residential proximity. Also, survey results were combined with spatial and remote sensing data to determine how the spatial characteristics of the riverscape affect its recreational use. The case of Warsaw, Poland, was used. The results indicated that the riverscape serves as a local park for the neighbouring communities, while it is rather a warm-weekend attraction for far-living ones. Visitors concentrate in the city centre, and spread out along the communication paths; however, spatial patterns of the magnitude of particular activities also show interbank differences. Spatial error models of drivers of riverscape recreation revealed (1) the multifaceted role of trees in densely visited areas and (2) the importance of physical availability for contact with the urban river. These findings expand knowledge on the recreational use of urban rivers by exploring its place-related motivations.

Crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic challenge some established human-landscape interactions notably. In this article, we analyse whether the pandemic had an impact on the perception of urban green spaces (UGS) and usage behaviours in Leipzig, Germany. We use a quantitative survey to understand people’s attitudes. Our study is novel in that it firstly explores the relationship between UGS and visitors during the final phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (winter 2022/2023), contrary to the vast majority of already existing studies that relied on digitally distributed surveys due to the lockdown protocols. Secondly our study does not apply exclusively online methods to reach out to the participants. The survey results show that about 40% (of the 115 participants) use parks more frequently during the final phase of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before 2020. Characteristics such as proximity to home, naturalness and cleanliness have become the most relevant. We see a notable increase in the demand for secure public green spaces, particularly among female visitors. Every second respondent confirmed experiencing considerable difficulties when accessing UGS, revealing the existing (spatial) deficits in environmental justice. These results should be considered by urban planners to adapt UGS to the changing demands of the citizens.